The Evolution of Tourism in Vietnam Since 2010: Between Massification and Ethics

Introduction: The Sweet Challenge of Biculturalism

Viet Nam has undergone a spectacular transformation in recent decades. This Southeast Asian country, once marked by the War in Vietnam (also known as the American War) and isolation, is now a leading tourist destination. Since 2010, the evolution of tourism in Vietnam is particularly remarkable, oscillating between rapid growth (massification) and a growing awareness of ethical and sustainable issues.

2010-2015: The Rise of an Emerging Destination

In the early 2010s, Vietnam was already on the map for travelers seeking adventure and a change of scenery. The country then offered an image of authenticity, with lush rice paddies, historic cities like Hanoi and Huế, and the unmissable Ha Long Bay.

Rapid Growth and Developing Infrastructure

The number of international arrivals increased steadily. Travel agencies in Vietnam began to multiply, proposing increasingly varied Vietnam travel experiences. Tourist infrastructures developed, notably in the major cities of Vietnam like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Da Nang, and the capital of Vietnam, Hanoi. Transport improved, with the expansion of Vietnam Airlines flights and the development of bus and night train networks. You could easily find flights to major cities. Hotels of all categories, from simple hostel to luxury resorts and even a boutique hotel or hotel spa, emerged to accommodate a growing flow of tourists.

Classic Attractions Gaining Popularity

During this period, travels in Vietnam often focused on the "must-sees": a cruise in Ha Long Bay (or a Halong Bay cruise) by junk or boat, the visit to Hanoi's Old Quarter and its Old City, as well as the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum and the Presidential Palace, the exploration of the Imperial City of Huế, the former imperial capital, and its emperor's tomb from the Imperial Dynasty, and the vibrancy of the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. Ben Thanh Market in Saigon, often considered the city-centre, became a must-visit. Travelers were attracted by the local gastronomy, especially Phở and noodle dishes, and the opportunity to immerse themselves in a rich culture. The discovery of temples and pagodas (many of them Buddhist) was an integral part of the experience, with the scent of incense floating in the air. Water puppet shows offered a unique glimpse into Vietnamese culture. Don't miss the magnificent Tran Quoc Pagoda in Hanoi.

2015-2020: The Massification of Tourism and its Challenges

The following period saw Vietnam pass from an emerging destination to a mass tourism destination. This massification brought its share of economic benefits, but also significant challenges.

The Explosion in Visitor Numbers

With the ease of obtaining visas for Vietnam (including the visa-on-arrival) and aggressive promotion by the Vietnamese government (controlled by the Communist Party), the country attracted a record number of visitors. Organized tours multiplied, offering package tours at attractive prices. Destinations like Phu Quoc and Nha Trang experienced rapid growth as seaside resorts, with their beautiful white sand beaches and numerous resorts. Places like Mui Ne and Vung Tau also gained popularity for their sand dunes and water activities.

Environmental and Cultural Concerns

However, this rapid growth did not come without consequences. The pressure on natural sites like Ha Long Bay (a UNESCO World Heritage site), pollution, and the degradation of certain historical sights became major concerns. Mass tourism also impacted the cultural authenticity of certain regions, sometimes transforming interactions with the locals into simple transactions. Questions about the role of agencies and "scams" for foreigners also emerged.

The development of destinations like Tam Coc ("Inland Halong") highlighted the necessity of managing these natural wonders with their limestone karst formations and islets sustainably. The Mekong River delta saw its ecosystems threatened by the influx of tourists and the development of cruises on its branches of floating markets. The Red River Delta also saw its dynamics impacted by the increase in tourism in Northern Vietnam. Local fishermen are often the first touched by these changes. The legacy of the Indochina War and figures like Ngo Dinh Diem (and his anti-communist stance as former Prime-Minister of South Vietnam), the Viet Cong, and the Viet Minh (guerrilla fighters) provide a complex historical context. The Fall of Saigon in 1975 marked a turning point, signaling the end of the Republic of Vietnam and the establishment of communism across the North and South. The role of allies, including the Soviet Union and Soviet support for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, was also crucial. The bombing campaigns and the use of Agent Orange are tragic remnants of this period. The pivotal battle of Dien Bien Phu is also a key historical event.

Since 2020: Towards More Ethical and Sustainable Tourism?

The COVID-19 pandemic marked a forced pause in global tourism, offering Viet Nam an opportunity to re-evaluate its strategies. Since reopening, a trend towards more ethical and sustainable tourism is emerging.

The Quest for Authenticity and Responsible Tourism

More and more travelers are seeking authentic and meaningful experiences. Local travel agencies, like Horizon Vietnam or Vietnam Original Travel (a popular tour operator), emphasize tailor-made trips to Vietnam, original itinerary designs, and encounters with ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands or the mountainous regions of North Vietnam (Sapa, Lao Cai, Lai Chau). The ethnic groups of the north offer a deeper discovery of their cultures. More environmentally friendly excursions, such as exploring terraced rice fields or caves (like the Phong Nha-Ke Bang cave, a National Park), are favored. The concept of ethical tourism is gaining ground, encouraging travelers to support the local economy and minimize their impact.

Many itineraries now include homestay experiences and the discovery of life along the Red River. For adventurous travelers, trekking has become a flagship activity, allowing them to explore the countryside off the beaten path and meet the Dao, Thai, and other ethnic groups. Activities like kayaking in the bays and exploring villages with stilt houses are also highly appreciated. The Cu Chi Tunnels, relics of the war (and key to understanding the Viet Cong and Viet Minh strategies, as well as the Ho Chi Minh Trail), offer a fascinating historical perspective.

Diversification of Experiences

Besides the must-sees, new itineraries are developing. Central Vietnam with Huế (the ancient imperial capital and its Citadel, traversed by the Perfume River) and Hoi An (another UNESCO-listed Old Town) and Da Nang as a starting point for excursions to the Cham ruins. Southern Vietnam (Southern part of the country or Cochinchine) offers itineraries including cities like Dalat in the Central Highlands, and day-trip excursions in the Mekong Delta. Activities like cooking classes (Vietnamese cooking classes) to discover Vietnamese food and street food (stalls serving Banh-mi, Pho, and other best things to eat) are very popular. Consider a food tour to experience it all! The Cao Dai Temple also offers a unique cultural insight. Trips to Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Angkor Temples, including the famous Angkor Wat), with its Khmer people, and trips to Laos (Luang Prabang) in continuation are also popular, forming Vietnam Cambodia or Laos Cambodia tours across the Indochinese Peninsula. Companies like Vietnam Airlines facilitate connections. The development of Lan Ha Bay (or Lan) is also a sign of diversification, offering a quieter alternative to the famous Ha Long Bay. The Geneva accords also shaped the country's past.

Stakes and Perspectives

Viet Nam is conscious of the challenges. The Vietnamese government (the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, a communist state) now encourages more qualitative than quantitative tourism. The preservation of world heritage and sites like Ha Long Bay (or Bai Tu Long in the Gulf of Tonkin, part of the South China Sea) is a priority. Initiatives aim to regulate the use of motorbikes and scooters by tourists, and to educate foreigners about cultural specificities, notably concerning currency (the USD is often accepted, but the Vietnamese Dong is the local currency). The best time to visit Vietnam is generally during the dry season, even if rain may occur. The economic growth, measured by GDP, has been significant. Many cities boast impressive landmarks like an Opera-House or a Cathedral, and provide great rooftop views.

Despite the challenges, Vietnam remains a sumptuous destination, guaranteeing a complete change of scenery. The Vietnamese people are renowned for their hospitality. Whether you are a honeymoon couple, an adventurer, or a relaxation enthusiast, the country offers experiences for visiting Vietnam and discovering. It is important to check visa requirements with your country's Embassy or Consulate-General before departure. Your passport is of course indispensable for these journeys. Information for the backpacker on taxis and buses is easily accessible. For easier contact, many French-speaking guides are available. French people in Vietnam can find consular services at the Embassy of Vietnam in Paris. Enjoy your free time strolling on foot or by cyclo-pousse (cyclo) through the lively streets. The traditional conical hat is a symbol to admire. The Vietnamese territory is full of treasures. A good travel guide can be very helpful. Look for a central hotel for convenience.

Conclusion: A Future Between Tradition and Modernity

The evolution of tourism in Vietnam since 2010 reflects a country finding its way, between the allure of rapid growth and the necessity to preserve its soul. Viet Nam has the potential to become a model for ethical and sustainable tourism in Southeast Asia, reconciling the richness of its UNESCO World Heritage sites, its lush nature, and the kindness of its locals with the expectations of modern travelers. A stay in Vietnam is always an unforgettable experience, offering varied excursions and a deep insight into the history, culture, and daily life of this fascinating country, a remnant of French-Indochina of old and the colonial period (Annam). For your next vacation in Vietnam, don't hesitate to go off the beaten path and embark on a tour in Vietnam that combines discovery and respect. Ready to discover Vietnam and go to Vietnam for an unforgettable tailor-made trip to Vietnam, to visit Hanoi and the mountains of the north, or to relax along the bay? The Vietnamese people and their history marked by socialism and the development of the Voie are essential elements to understand. Vietnam is a vibrant country, and every city in Vietnam has a story to tell, from Tho to Mui Ne. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a unique and captivating destination. Embarking towards this destination promises a memorable adventure. Don't miss celebrating the local New Year (Tet, and specifically the Tet Offensive in history) for a unique cultural immersion. Both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese women will welcome you warmly. Visit this incredible country! For those interested, a travel blog can offer many tips for navigating the lively streets of cities or exploring the different provinces. Chai (Vietnamese tea) is a drink not to be missed in this tropical country. Living in Vietnam offers a unique perspective on this rich culture. The Reunification of the country in 1975 remains a central event in its modern history. A local agency is often the best way to organize your stay. Think about trying a tasting of local specialties to complete your cultural journey. Your time in Vietnam will be truly special. There's so much to see across Vietnam, from its vibrant cities like Danang with its international airport to its serene rural landscapes. An international school might be a consideration for longer stays. The Saigon River also offers scenic views and tours.